And be it further enacted , That the Secretary of War may direct such issues of provisions, clothing, and fuel, as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children, under such rules and regulations as he may direct.
And be it further enacted , That the President may, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint an assistant commissioner for each of the states declared to be in insurrection, not exceeding ten in number, who shall, under the direction of the commissioner, aid in the execution of the provisions of this act; and he shall give a bond to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of twenty thousand dollars, in the form and manner prescribed in the first section of this act.
Each of said commissioners shall receive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars in full compensation for all his services. And any military officer may be detailed and assigned to duty under this act without increase of pay or allowances. First proposed by The 15th Amendment, which sought to protect the voting rights of African American men after the Civil War, was adopted into the U.
Constitution in Despite the amendment, by the late s discriminatory practices were used to prevent Black citizens from exercising their The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the s and s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War.
Though the Union victory had given some 4 million enslaved people their freedom, the The 13th Amendment to the U. Constitution, ratified in in the aftermath of the Civil War, abolished slavery in the United States. The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway enslaved people within the territory of the United States.
Enacted by Congress in , the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escapees Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the Emancipation Reconstruction , the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into the United States.
Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson in and , new southern The 14th Amendment to the U. The Constitution imperatively declares, in connection with taxation, that each State shall have at least one representative, and fixes the rule for the number to which in future times each State shall be entitled. It also provides that the Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, and adds with peculiar force that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
The original act was necessarily passed in the absence of the States chiefly to be affected, because their people were then contumaciously engaged in the rebellion. Now the case is changed, and some, at least, of the States are attending Congress by loyal representatives, soliciting the allowance of the constitutional right of representation.
At the time, however, of the consideration and the passing of the bill there was no senator or representative in Congress from the eleven States which are to be mainly affected by its provisions. The very fact that reports were and are made against the good disposition of the country, is an additional reason why they need and should have representatives of their own in Congress to explain their condition, reply to accusations, and assist by their local knowledge in the perfecting of measures immediately affecting themselves; while the liberty of deliberation would then be free, and Congress would have full power to decide according to its judgment.
There could be no objection urged that the States most interested had not been permitted to be heard. The principle is firmly fixed in the minds of the American people that there should be no taxation without representation. Great burdens are now to be borne by all the country, and we may best demand that they shall be borne without murmur when they are voted by a majority of representatives of all the people.
I would not interfere with the unquestionable right of Congress to judge, each House for itself, of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members.
But that authority cannot be construed as including the right to shut out in time of peace any State from representation to which it is entitled by the Constitution.
At present all the people of eleven States are excluded,those who were most faithful during war not less than others. The State of Tennessee, for instance, whose authorities engaged in rebellion, was restored to all her constitutional relations to the Union by the patriotism and energy of her injured and betrayed people.
Before the war was brought to termination they had placed themselves in relations with the General Government, had established a State government of their own, and, as they were not included in the emancipation proclamation, they, by their own act, had amended their constitution so as to abolish slavery within the limits of their State. I know no reason why the State of Tennessee, for example, should not fully enjoy all her constitutional relations to the United States.
The President of the United States stands towards the country in a somewhat different attitude from that of any member of Congress chosen from a single district or State. The President is chosen by the people of all the States. Eleven States are not, at this time, represented by either branch of Congress. It would seem to be his duty on all proper occasions to present their just claims to Congress. There always will be differences of opinion in the community, and individuals may be guilty of transgressions of the law.
But these do not constitute valid objections against the right of a State to representation. I would in no wise interfere with the discretion of Congress with regard to the qualifications of members; but I hold it my duty to recommend to you in the interests of peace, and in the interests of the Union, the admission of every State to its share of public legislation, when, however insubordinate, insurgent, or rebellious its people may have been, it presents itself not only in an attitude of loyalty and harmony, but in the persons of their representatives whose loyalty cannot be doubted under existing constitutional or legal tests.
It is plain that an indefinite or permanent exclusion of any part of the country from representation must be attended by a spirit of disquiet and complaint. It is unwise and dangerous to pursue a course of measures which will unite any large section of the country against another section of the country, no matter how much the latter may predominate.
The course of immigration, the development of industry and business, and natural causes will raise up at the South men as devoted to Union as those of any other part of the land. But if they are all excluded from Congress, if in a permanent statute they are declared not to be in full constitutional relations to the country, they may think they have cause to become a unit in feelings and sentiments against the Government.
Under the political education of the American people, the idea is inherent and ineradicable that the consent of the majority of the whole people is necessary to secure a willing acquiescence in legislation.
It is hardly necessary for me to inform Congress that, in my own judgment, most of the States, so far at least as depends upon their own action, have already been fully restored, and are to be deemed to be entitled to enjoy, but bound, to assume that with the Federal courts restored in the several States, and in the full exercise of their functions, the rights and interests of all classes of the people will, with the aid of the military in cases of resistance to the law, be essentially protected against unconstitutional infringement and violation.
I return the bill to the Senate in the earnest hope that a measure involving questions and interests so important to the country will not become a law, unless upon deliberate consideration by the people it shall receive the sanction of an enlightened public judgment. Civil War and Reconstruction. Letter to Williamson Durley. The Right to Criticize American Institutions. Letter to C. Change of Opinion Announced. Letter to Owen Lovejoy. Fragment: On Slavery. Fragment: Notes for Speeches.
Letter to Salmon Portland Chase. Letter to George Ashmun. Letter to Alexander H. Farewell Speech Address to the New Jersey Senate. Letter to Reverdy Johnson. Letter to O. State of the Union Letter to James A. Proclamation of Thanksgiving. Letter to the Senate and House of Representatives. Letter to Horace Greeley. Reply to Emancipation Memorial Presented by Chicag Meditation on the Divine Will. Reply to Mrs. Eliza P. Letter to the Editor of the Atlanta Southern Confe The Negroes and the Poor.
The Election and the War. Speech to the State Legislature of Mississippi. On the War and Its Conduct. Letter to Governor Andrew Johnson. In Support of a Tax-in-Kind. Why Should a Colored Man Enlist? Response to a Serenade. Letter to James C. Letter to Frederick Steele. Letter to Governor Michael Hahn. Address at a Sanitary Fair. Letter to George B. Ide, James R. Doolittle, and A Horace Greeley to Abraham Lincoln. Proclamation of Thanksgiving and Prayer. Letter to Mrs. Letter to James M.
Calhoun, et al. Letter to Henry W. Last Words. Story written for Noah Brooks. Republican Party Platform of We Prefer the Law. Resolution Submitting the Thirteenth Amendment to African Church Speech. Letter to Thurlow Weed. Last Public Address. Johnson's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstructi Promises of the Declaration of Independence: Eulog Veto of the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. Speech to the Citizens of Washington.
Tenure Of Office Act. Excerpt from The Life of Jefferson Davis. Farewell Speech. Democratic Party Platform of The Policy of Aggression. Crittenden Compromise. Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce a Address of South Carolina to Slaveholding States. Fragment on the Constitution and Union. First Inaugural Address
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