Plantarflexion B. Dorsiflexion C. Inversion D. You can download the videos to MP3 and MP4 to slice your revision time in half and finally understand the key principles of exercise. If you want to get your revision structured, learn everything you need to know and feel confident on exam day, then click the link below:. Skip to content. We use cookies to ensure you have the best experience on our website. Specifically to improve, promote and protect our services.
If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The ankle poses problems not shared by the knee joint. As it is such a polyarticulating area with a wide variety of movements and allot of muscles spanning it, the ankle throws up many procedural issues, like positioning and alignment, and issues related to closed versus open chain testing. Inversion and eversion isokinetic tests can be used to evaluate strength properties in many different populations.
In recent years it has become very popular in patient groups with recurrent lateral ankle sprains as it is able to detect specific muscle performance deficits.
This alows specific treatment to be provided for those individuals. The tests are reliable and intraclass coefficient correlation vary from 0. Pontaga An isokinetics machine is one of the few ways of reliably testing the ankle to inversions and eversion. Most tests are performed in what is known as the loose packed position that is the knee is flexed.
Testing in the close packed with the knee straight position eliminates the influence of the hamstring muscles on tibial torsion. However, this is difficult to replicate but should be used for research. Debate rages over the inclination required at the dynamometer head i. Lentell et al. In this position there is the increased innate thoracic and pelvic stability little rotation occurs but the angle of the knee has to be considered.
Porter and Kaminski have shown that a knee angle anywhere from 15 to 45 degrees is acceptable for testing. The position of dorsi flexion at the ankle should also be considered. Any angle from neutral to 20 degrees plantar flexion can be used as Zachazewski and Browne showed no significant change in peak torque when comparing the degree of plantarflexion. There are many types of movement that can occur at synovial joints Table 6. Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other.
Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward. Refer to Figure 6. Watch this video to learn about anatomical motions. What motions involve increasing or decreasing the angle of the foot at the ankle? Flexion and extension are movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs. For the vertebral column, flexion anterior flexion is an anterior forward bending of the neck or body, while extension involves a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward.
Lateral flexion is the bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side. These movements of the vertebral column involve both the symphysis joint formed by each intervertebral disc, as well as the plane type of synovial joint formed between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of the next lower vertebra. In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones bending of the joint , while extension increases the angle and straightens the joint.
For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion and all posterior-going motions are extension. These include anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the hand at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
For the thumb, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the hand, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the thumb back against the index finger or into the palm. These motions take place at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint, while any posterior-going motion of the thigh is extension. Note that extension of the thigh beyond the anatomical standing position is greatly limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint.
Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinge, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints of the limbs see Figure 6.
Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint.
Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow. Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline.
For example, abduction is raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body, while adduction brings the arm down to the side of the body. Similarly, abduction and adduction at the wrist moves the hand away from or toward the midline of the body. Spreading the fingers or toes apart is also abduction, while bringing the fingers or toes together is adduction.
Adduction moves the thumb back to the anatomical position, next to the index finger. Abduction and adduction movements are seen at condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints see Figure 6.
Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. It involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. This type of motion is found at biaxial condyloid and saddle joints, and at multiaxial ball-and-sockets joints see Figure 6.
Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.
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