Mount Merapi is the most active of more than active volcanoes in Indonesia and has repeatedly erupted with lava and gas clouds recently. The 2,m 9, feet peak is near Yogyakarta, an ancient city of several hundred thousand people embedded in a large metro area. The city is also a centre of Javanese culture and a seat of royal dynasties going back centuries. This latest eruption sent hot ash 1,m 3, feet into the sky, and the searing clouds of gas travelled up to 3km 1. Highest levels of volcanic sulfur dioxide emission recorded at the volcano which indicates possible eruption.
At least 2, displaced as Taal volcano erupts, filling the air near capital Manilla with toxic gas, officials say. On 10 February , a large section of the lava dome collapsed and triggered a serious of pyroclastic flows that reached 7 km distance from the crater, travelling SSW into the Sat River. Significant ash fall from the eruption occured up to 60 km E of the volcano. After this event, activity decreased sharply, but continued at lower levels through much of Dec Jan eruption: pyroclastic flows Eruptive activity increased steeply during the period of 26 December January On 14 January, 29 pyroclastic flows traveled down the volcano's SSW and SW flanks and reached up to 4 km from their source.
During the week, lava avalanches and pyroclastic flows occurred with an average interval of 0. Activity decreased, but the volcano remained active through and , when intense degassing, minor explosions, intermittend glow at the summit and occasional rockfalls were recorded. On 9 August, a pyroclastic flow traveled 3. No casualties were reported. An explosion on 13 September created an ash cloud of ca. Activity peaked on 31 October when 17 pyroclastic flows were recorded. Pyroclastic flows decreased on 1st November and the eruption ended on 2nd November.
Rockfalls and small pyroclastic flows from the lava flow were frequent in June through August up to ca. New activity began in October. April-October eruption A new lava dome was built in April Dome collapses in October generated pyroclastic flows into the Batang river valley on the SW side of the cone.
Latest satellite images. Show more. Merapi volcano seen from the south. Merapi volcano seen from Yogyakarta. Canyons and standing blocks, remnants of the old S flank of Merapi, reshaped by landslides. PVMBG reported that the lava dome at Merapi slowly grew during October and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on 19 September drone photos. At on 14 October an eruptive event was recorded by the seismic network for four minutes and 30 seconds.
A plume rose 3 km above the summit and drifted SW, causing ashfall 30 minutes after the eruption until in areas as far as 25 km W. A pyroclastic flow traveled down the SW flank. PVMBG reported that the lava dome at Merapi slowly grew during September and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on 19 September measurements based on drone photos.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating three block-and-ash flows that traveled as far as 1. Diffuse white plumes rose as high as 75 m above the summit. PVMBG reported that the lava dome at Merapi slowly grew during September and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on 19 September measurements from drone photos.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating block-and-ash flows that traveled as far as 1. Diffuse white plumes rose as high as m above the summit. At on 22 September the seismic network began recording signals indicating pyroclastic-flow generation, that lasted two minutes and five seconds; pyroclastic flows traveled 1.
An ash plume rose around m above the summit and caused minor ashfall in areas as far as 15 km SW. Temperature increases at several points on the lava dome were recorded about one hour before the event. PVMBG reported that during September the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images on 8 August. PVMBG reported that during 26 August-1 September the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images on 8 August.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating block-and-ash flows that traveled down the Gendol drainage; a block-and-ash flow traveled 2 km on 27 August. Diffuse white plumes rose as high as 80 m above the summit.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating block-and-ash flows that traveled down the Gendol drainage; one flow traveled 2 km on 27 August. PVMBG reported that during August the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images on 8 August.
At on 27 August a block-and-ash flow traveled 2 km. PVMBG reported that during August the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating a total of two block-and-ash flows that traveled as far as m down the Gendol drainage on 13 and 14 August. Diffuse white plumes rose as high as m above the summit on some days. PVMBG reported that during August the lava-dome volume at Merapi had decreased compared to the week before and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating a total of two block-and-ash flows that traveled as far as 1. Diffuse white plumes rose as high as 50 m above the summit on some days. PVMBG reported that during 29 July-4 August the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating a total of four block-and-ash flows that traveled as far as 1 km down the Gendol drainage on 31 July and 4 August.
PVMBG reported that during July the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images. Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating two block-and-ash flows that traveled 1, m and m down the Gendol drainage on 24 and 27 July, respectively. The Alert Level remained at 2 on a scale of , and residents were warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.
Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating three block-and-ash flows that traveled 1. White plumes rose as high as 50 m above the summit. Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating two block-and-ash flows that traveled 1 km down the Gendol drainage on 13 and 14 July.
White plumes rose as high as m above the summit. PVMBG reported that during 28 June-4 July the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not significantly change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images taken on 4 July. Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating one block-and-ash flow that traveled 1.
PVMBG reported that during June the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images. Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating two block-and-ash flows that traveled 1.
PVMBG reported that during June the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone footage. Extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank, generating one block-and-ash flow that traveled 1 km down the Gendol drainage on 9 June. White plumes rose as high as 75 m above the summit. PVMBG reported that during May the lava-dome volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone footage.
A news article stated that block-and-ash flows descended the Gendol drainage during June, traveling as far as 1. In addition, incandescent dome material traveled m on 2 June. PVMBG reported that on 11 May the lava dome at Merapi had an estimated volume of , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone footage, and remained unchanged at least through 26 May. The dome morphology remained relatively unchanged, as most of the extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank Gendol River drainage.
One block-and-ash flow traveled 1. PVMBG reported that on 11 May the lava dome at Merapi had an estimated volume of , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone footage. The dome morphology remained relatively unchanged during May, as most of the extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank Gendol River drainage.
Two block-and-ash flows traveled as far as 1. White emissions rose 70 m. Five block-and-ash flows traveled as far as 1. Block-and-ash flows traveled as far as 1. PVMBG reported that by 21 March the lava dome at Merapi had grown to an estimated volume of , cubic meters, based on analyses of drone footage.
It remained relatively unchanged during April, as most of the extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the SE-flank Gendol River drainage. Two block-and-ash flows traveled as far as 1 km down the Gendol drainage. As many as eight block-and-ash flows traveled up to 1, m down the Gendol drainage.
By 21 March the lava dome had grown to an estimated size of , cubic meters based on analyses of drone footage. There were no apparent morphological changes; most of the extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the Gendol River drainage on the SE flank. Block-and-ash flows traveled as far as 1, m down the Gendol drainage during and 23 March. The volume of the lava dome had not changed since the last measurement of , cubic meters estimated on 5 March.
Block-and-ash flows traveled as far as 1, m down the Gendol drainage on 12, 15, and 17 March. The volume of the lava dome was , cubic meters on 5 March, as estimated from drone photographs, and relatively unchanged from the previous weeks. Block-and-ash flows traveled , m down the Gendol drainage on 2, 3, and 7.
Block-and-ash flows traveled , m down the Gendol drainage on 25 and 27 February, and on 2 March as many as 10 traveled as far as 2 km. Incandescent avalanches were visible at night. White emissions rose as high as m above the crater rim. On 18 February multiple block-and-ash flows traveled at most 1 km down the Gendol drainage.
Most of the extruded lava did not add to the dome volume but instead fell into the upper parts of the Gendol River drainage and the SE flank. Incandescent avalanches traveling down the SE flank were visible at night. At on 11 February a pyroclastic flow traveled m down the Gendol drainage.
Most of the extruded lava fell into the upper parts of the Gendol River drainage and the SE flank. On 7 February a pyroclastic flow traveled 2 km down the Gendol drainage. During on 29 January as many as nine incandescent rockfall events were recorded, with material traveling m SE in the Gendol River drainage.
Three pyroclastic flows, recorded at , , and , traveled 1. By 13 December the volume of the dome, based on photos taken from the SE, was an estimated , cubic meters. White emissions of variable density rose a maximum of m above the summit. By 6 December the volume of the dome, based on photos taken from the SE, was an estimated , cubic meters. By 29 November the volume of the dome, based on photos taken from the SE, was an estimated , cubic meters. By 21 November the volume of the dome, based on photos taken from the SE, was an estimated , cubic meters.
By 14 November the volume of the dome, based on photos from the SE sector, was an estimated , cubic meters. By 7 November the volume of the dome, based on photos from the SE sector, was an estimated , cubic meters.
By 31 October the volume of the dome, based on photos from the SE sector, was an estimated , cubic meters. White emissions of variable density rose a maximum of 50 m above the summit. By 21 October the volume of the dome, based on photos from the SE sector, was an estimated , cubic meters. By 18 October the volume of the dome, based on photos from the SE sector, was an estimated , cubic meters. By 11 October the volume of the dome was an estimated , cubic meters. White emissions of variable density rose a maximum of 75 m above the summit.
By 4 October the volume of the lava dome was an estimated , cubic meters, and the growth rate was 1, cubic meters per day similar to the previous week. The Alert Level remained at 2 on a scale of , and resident were warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.
By 27 September the volume of the lava dome was an estimated , cubic meters, and the growth rate was 1, cubic meters per day slower than the previous week. By 22 September the volume of the lava dome was an estimated , cubic meters, and the growth rate was 3, cubic meters per day. White emissions of variable density rose m above the summit. By 16 September the volume of the lava dome was an estimated , cubic meters, and the growth rate was 1, cubic meters per day.
White emissions of variable density rose 20 m above the summit. On 11 August a large earthquake was detected, and coupled with rumbling heard by Deles residents, possibly signaled new lava-dome effusion.
Drone photos on 12 August showed a new lava dome growing within the fracture of the dome. By 18 August the new dome was 55 m long and 25 m wide, and about 5 m below the dome surface. Ashfall was reported at the Selo observation post.
Observers noted white smoke rising from a forested area 1. The report noted that volcano-tectonic events were occurring at about 3 km below the crater.
Later that day at an ash plume from a 1. At an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted NW. PVMBG reported that a two-minute-long phreatic eruption at Merapi which began at on 23 May was heard from the Babadan observation post. A plume was not visible due to inclement weather, though minor ashfall was reported in Ngepos post.
On 24 May an event at generated an ash plume that rose 6 km above the crater rim and drifted W. Roaring was heard from all of the Merapi observation posts. A two-minute-long event at produced an ash plume that rose 1. PVMBG reported that a phreatic eruption at Merapi began at on 21 May and lasted for 19 minutes, generating an ash plume that rose m above the crater and drifted W. A six-minute-long phreatic eruption began at and produced an ash plume that rose 1.
Ashfall from both events was reported in areas 15 km downwind. A third event, detected at , lasted three minutes and produced a plume of unknown height. After the events one volcano-tectonic earthquake and one tremor event were recorded. The eruption began with a small roar and vibrations that were felt at the observation post for 10 minutes.
The eruption plume rose to 5. There was no seismic precursor and no seismic activity continued after the event. BNPB reported that a lahar induced by moderate to heavy rain swept nine sand mining trucks down the Bebeng River on Merapi's SW flank; at least one truck was buried and six were severely damaged.
There were no fatalities as the miners and other people at the scene escaped. Material at the summit and on the flanks produced during the October-November eruption was an estimated million cubic meters, contributing to the continuing high potential of lahars during heavy rain.
BNPB recommended that the public remain vigilant during rainy weather because a lahar formed on the upper flanks of Merapi can reach the bottom in less than 30 minutes. The Alert Level remained at 1 on a scale of Deformation measurements showed general inflation. Solfatara plumes rose m above the summit on 4 July. PVMBG reported that during 30 May-5 June seismicity at Merapi fluctuated at normal levels and declined as compared to the previous two weeks.
Deformation measurements showed no significant changes. Solfatara plumes rose m and drifted W on 31 May. PVMBG reported that during May seismicity at Merapi fluctuated at normal levels and deformation measurements showed no significant changes.
Solfatara plumes rose m and drifted W on 27 May. The Alert Level remained at 1 on a scale of on 23 May. No deformation was detected. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 on a scale of on 23 May. Thumping noises continued to be reported from multiple observation posts, and on 12 May fumarolic plumes rose m.
The Alert Level remained at 2 on a scale of on 29 April. Thumping noises continued to be reported from multiple observation posts. Seismicity fluctuated but remained above background levels. PVMBG reported that during April seismicity at Merapi increased and thumping sounds were heard within an 8 km radius. On 25 April white fumarolic plumes rose m and drifted W. The Alert Level was raised to 2 on a scale of on 29 April. PVMBG reported that field observations of Merapi conducted two days after the explosion on 20 April revealed that a fracture in the dome had widened 70 m to the W, and new material had been deposited in the W part of the crater.
Seismicity increased during April. During on 20 April an explosion occurred and rumbling was heard in areas as far as 8 km away. Ash plumes were observed from some observations posts, but foggy conditions prevented views from others. Based on satellite images and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of Two Explosions were also recorded at During March dense gas plumes rose m.
Seismicity was at normal levels. Based on analysis of satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 27 March an ash plume rose to an altitude of 9. The VAAC noted that an eruption occurred around , confirmed by a news article. Ash had dissipated the next day.
Another news article noted that the increased activity lasted only four minutes, from to , and that ashfall occurred on the S and SE flanks.
According to news articles, a phreatic eruption at Merapi on 18 November produced an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater and caused ashfall in areas as far as 60 km E. About families from the Glagaharjo village gathered at evacuation assembly points, while others on the W flank evacuated then returned to their homes hours later. Source: Jakarta Post. Ashfall was reported in areas S, including Kaliurang and Balerante. The Alert Level remained at 1 on a scale from According to news articles, the eruption lasted until about , and generated a dense black plume that rose 1 km.
A booming sound was heard 30 km away. Hundreds of residents evacuated but returned to their homes later that day. On 4 September small avalanches traveled m SW.
The Alert Level remained at 2 on a scale of According to news articles, on 21 March a lahar traveled through the village of Sleman, approximately 20 km SW of Merapi, burying 21 homes in addition to vehicles and livestock. At least residents were evacuated. Source: The Jakarta Post. The highest plume which rose m and drifted E was observed on 5 March from the Babadan post on the NW flank. The number of multi-phase MP earthquakes was slightly lower compared to the previous week.
During January seismicity had decreased compared to the previous week. Gas plumes rose from the crater; on 11 January gas plumes rose to a maximum height of 80 m above the crater. On 12 January avalanches descended the Krasak drainage, traveling 1. Lahars and high water during January damaged infrastructure and caused temporary road closures.
On 22 January plumes rose m above the crater and drifted E. According to a news article, lahars on Merapi's flanks that occurred on 3 and 9 January caused damage to houses, farms, and infrastructure in multiple villages in the Magelang district, 26 km WNW of Merapi. One death and one injury were reported. On 9 January, the Red Cross evacuated people trapped in their homes in the Sirihan village.
An estimated 3, people live in the flooded area, but the number of people evacuated was unknown. Seismic data showed a decrease in the number of earthquakes as well as amplitude of the events. Deformation measurements did not show any significant changes. Although fog often prevented visual observations or views through webcams, gas plumes were seen rising m above the crater and drifting W.
Sulfur dioxide plumes were no longer detected in satellite imagery. CVGHM noted that lahar deposits were seen in multiple drainages and that several bridges had been recently damaged by lahar activity. On 4 December, the Alert Level was lowered to 3 on a scale of Although fog often prevented observations, white and brown plumes rising m above the crater drifted SW on 25 November, and brownish plumes rose m above the crater on 27 November.
Incandescence from the crater was observed through cameras installed at the Merapi museum. According to news articles, a lahar in the Code River that runs through Yogyakarta, 30 km SSW, flooded streets and damaged bridges, and caused about 1, residents to evacuate.
The Alert Level remained at 4, the highest level, on a scale of CVGHM reported that on 15 November no pyroclastic flows descended Merapi's flanks and few avalanches were detected compared to the previous day. During November, the number of seismic signals and the number of avalanches both continued to decrease. Although fog often prevented observations, a gas-and-ash plume was observed rising 1.
A steam plume rose m above the crater and drifted W. On 18 November a pyroclastic flow occurred with low intensity. Lahar deposits were seen in multiple drainages. CVGHM noted areas that remained within a km danger zone. On 21 November one pyroclastic flow was detected and five were recorded the next day. During November avalanches continued to occur.
Lahars traveling S on 23 November carried material up to cm in diameter. According to news articles, the Yogyakarta airport resumed operations on 20 November. The death toll from the eruption reached and more than , people continued to live in temporary shelters.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during November ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4. CVGHM reported that during November seismicity from Merapi along with the number of avalanches and pyroclastic flows decreased compared to the previous two days. Lahar deposits were seen in multiple drainages around Merapi at a maximum distance of On 10 November, plumes generally rose m above the crater, but at about a brownish plume rose to a height of 1.
Incandescence from the crater was observed through a closed-circuit television CCTV system installed at the Merapi museum.
On 11 November, roaring was followed by light ashfall at the Ketep observation post. Plumes, brownish-black at times, rose m above the crater and drifted W and NW. Avalanches again traveled S in the Gendol drainage. A brownish plume rose 1. The Alert Level remained at 4 on a scale of High-altitude sulfur dioxide clouds detected over the Indian Ocean possibly contained ash. In the latter part of 14 November and during November, ash plumes rose to altitude of 6.
The sulfur dioxide concentration in the high-level clouds had decreased; the clouds were not thought to contain ash. During November, news articles stated that the death toll from the eruption was over , and the Yogyakarta airport had remained closed. About , residents also began to return home after the "danger zones" were reduced in some areas due to decreased activity during the previous few days. CVGHM reported that during November the eruption from Merapi continued at a high level, characterized by incandescent avalanches from the lava dome, pyroclastic flows, ash plumes, and occasional explosions.
Visual observations were often difficult due to inclement weather and gas-and-ash plumes from the eruption. On 7 November, a news article stated that since the eruption began on 26 October approximately people have died and more that , people have been displaced.
On 3 November observers stationed at multiple posts reported ash plumes from pyroclastic flows. One pyroclastic flow traveled 10 km, prompting CVGHM to extend the hazard zone to a km-radius and recommend evacuations from several more communities.
Another pyroclastic flow traveled 9 km SE later that day. Ground observers noted a significant eruption, but could not confirm the plume altitude. On 4 November an ash-and-gas plume rose to an altitude of 11 km 36, ft a. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of On 5 November, rumbling sounds were heard in areas 30 km away. Pyroclastic flows continued to descend the flanks. Ash fell in Yogyakarta, 30 km SSW, and "sand"-sized tephra fell within 15 km.
CVGHM recommended evacuations from several more towns within a km radius. Activity remained very intense on 6 November. Pyroclastic flows descended the flanks; one traveled 4 km W. Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 7 km 23, ft a. Flashes from the lava dome were reported from observations posts and incandescent material was ejected above the crater.
A subsequent pyroclastic flow sent an ash plume to an altitude of 6 km 19, ft a. In Muntilan 18 km WSW tephra and ash depths reached 4 cm. On 5 and 6 November, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes observed in satellite imagery rose to an altitude of News articles stated that three airlines cancelled flights to Jakarta due to the ash-induced aviation hazard.
On 7 November, the number of seismic signals indicating pyroclastic flows increased from the previous day. An explosion was heard and ash plumes rose 6 km and drifted W. Lightning was seen from Yogyakarta and ash fell within 10 km. Pyroclastic flows traveled 5 km and lava avalanches moved m S and SW. High-altitude ash plumes drifted SW. The airport in Yogyakarta closed. CVGHM reported that incandescent avalanches were sometimes seen through a closed-circuit television system.
Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4. Rumbling sounds were accompanied by an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4. Ashfall was reported in Selo and lava avalanches traveled m SSE. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations. According to a news article, ash fell in Yogyakarta, 30 km SSW, causing low visibility. CVGHM noted four pyroclastic flows the next day.
On 1 November an eruption began mid-morning with a low-frequency earthquake and avalanches. About seven pyroclastic flows occurred during the next few hours, traveling SSE a maximum distance of 4 km.
A gas-and-ash plume rose 1. CVGHM recommended that evacuees from several communities within a km radius should continue to stay in shelters or safe areas. On 2 November an ash plume was seen in satellite imagery drifting 75 km N at an altitude of 6. News outlets noted diversions and cancellations of flights in and out of the Solo 40 km E and Yogyakarta airports.
A mid-day report on 3 November stated that 38 pyroclastic flows occurred during the first 12 hours of the day. An observer from the Kaliurang post saw 19 of those 38 flows travel 4 km S. Plumes from the pyroclastic flows rose 1. Ashfall was noted in some nearby areas. On 21 October the rate increased to The rate of inflation increased sharply on 24 October to a rate of 42 cm per day. The next day, CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 4, and recommended immediate evacuation for several communities news reports estimated 11,, people within a km radius.
An eruption began at about on 26 October that was characterized by explosions along with pyroclastic flows that traveled WSW and SE. CVGHM reported that multiple pyroclastic flows occurred until , when the pyroclastic flow activity started to subside.
Most of the pyroclastic flows lasted 2 to 9 minutes, except for two that lasted 33 minutes each. Booming noises were heard, and incandescence from the crater was seen from the Selo observation post to the N. An ash plume was also observed rising 1. According to news articles, officials noted that about 15, people had not yet evacuated, even though several minor eruptions had already occurred prior to 26 October.
Reports on 27 October noted that about 25 people died and several were injured. On 13 September white plumes rose m above the crater. Inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery. According to a news article, "hot clouds" and incandescent material from Merapi traveled a distance of 1 km SE down the Gendol River on 23 May. People in the nearby village of Muntilan, about 16 km W, reported "hot clouds" and ashfall.
Source: Antara News. On 3 August, the Alert Level was lowered to 2 on a scale of Incandescent rock avalanches from Merapi were observed almost daily during 26 July-1 August, advancing at a maximum distance of 2 km SE toward the Gendol River.
On 29 July, gas plumes reached maximum heights of m above the summit 11, ft a. Pyroclastic flows were not observed during the reporting period. During July, gas plumes at Merapi reached maximum heights of m above the summit 11, ft a.
Lava flows were observed daily, advancing at a maximum distance of 1. During July, lava flows at Merapi were observed and reached a maximum distance of 2 km SE along the Gendol River. Gas plumes were also observed daily and reached heights of 1 km above the crater 12, ft a. Gas plumes were observed during July at Merapi and reached a maximum height of 1. Due to a decrease in activity, on 10 July the Alert Level was lowered one level to 3 on a scale of in all areas except the S slope.
Pyroclastic flows were observed during June and reached a maximum distance of 3 km SE along the Gendol River. Gas plumes were observed during 28 June-1 July and reached a maximum height of 1 km above the summit 12, ft a. During June, seismic signals at Merapi indicated almost daily occurrence of rockfalls and pyroclastic flows. Due to inclement weather, pyroclastic flows were only observed on 24 June and reached a maximum distance of 4 km SE along the Gendol River and 2.
Gas plumes were observed during June and reached a maximum height of 1. Gas plumes were emitted from Merapi on 14 and 15 June and reached a maximum height of m above the summit 12, ft a.
On 14 June, a dome-collapse event, lasting approximately 3. Two people assisting with evacuation efforts were trapped an underground shelter in Kaliadem village and died, the first fatalities of the current eruption.
On 15 June, pyroclastic flows reached a maximum distance of 4. According to news reports, pyroclastic flows continued during June as a new dome grew. On 19 June, water shortages were reported. The Alert Level remained at 4, the highest level. On 8 June, according to a CVGHM report, the lava-dome growth rate at Merapi was an estimated thousand cubic meters per day and the estimated volume was approximately 4 million cubic meters.
An estimated volume loss of thousand cubic meters on 4 June was due to a partial dome collapse of the S part of the Geger Buaya crater wall constructed from lava flows. Gas plumes were observed almost daily during June and reached a maximum height of 1. During June, the Darwin VAAC reported that small ash plumes were visible on satellite imagery and minor ashfall was reported to the S at the Merapi Volcano Observatory and in Yogyakarta, about 32 km On 8 June a pyroclastic flow, lasting 12 minutes, reached a maximum distance of 5 km SE toward the Gendol River, the predominate travel direction since the 27 May earthquake M 6.
According to a news report, the 8 June event prompted approximately 15, people to evacuate from the Sleman district to the S and the Magelang district to the W. On 13 June, the Alert Level was lowered from 4 to 3 but renewed pyroclastic-flow activity the next day again prompted a return to Alert Level 4, the highest level.
Sulfur-dioxide plumes were observed daily during this period and reached a height of 1. Multiple pyroclastic flows reached a maximum distance of 4 km SE toward the Gendol River and 3. According to a volcanologist in Yogyakarta, lava-flow distances and lava-dome volume had both approximately doubled since the 27 May M 6. The lava-dome volume was estimated at 4 million cubic meters.
On 6 June, groups living near the base of the volcano began to move into temporary shelters. The Alert Level at Merapi remained at 4, the highest level, during May. According to news reports, on 27 May an M 6. Gas plumes reached a height above the volcano of m 11, ft a. Incandescence and sulfur-dioxide plumes were observed. According to news reports, an eruption producing a cloud of hot gas and ash was witnessed on 17 May.
Witnesses said the size of the plume was smaller than ash-and-gas plumes on 15 May. Avalanches of incandescent material extended m SE towards the Gendol River, and 1. Several small incandescent avalanches of volcanic material were visible from observatory posts.
The new lava dome at the volcano's summit had grown to fill the gap between the lava flows and the lava flows on the W side of the summit. The lava dome reached a height above that of the lava flows. Seismicity was dominated by multi-phase earthquakes and signals associated with avalanches. On 13 May at , the Alert Level was raised from 3 to 4, the highest level.
An ash plume at an unknown height was visible on satellite imagery on 15 May. According to news reports, after the Alert Level was raised to 4 on 13 May, about 4, people living near the volcano were evacuated. Intense activity occurred on 15 May, with pyroclastic flows traveling as far as 4 km to the W. By 16 May a total of about 22, people were evacuated; according to figures posted at the district disaster task force center about 16, people were evacuated from three districts in Central Java Province, and more than 5, others were evacuated from the Slemen district, a part of Yogyakarta Province.
Activity decreased on 16 May. On 17 May pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 3 km. Local volcanologists reported that the lava dome continued to grow, but at a slower rate than during previous days. On 7 May, 26 incandescent avalanches that extended about m were seen during the morning. Incandescence was seen at the summit ten times.
On 6 and 7 May, the lava dome continued to grow and seismicity was dominated by multi-phase earthquakes. Shallow volcanic earthquakes and signals from landslides and rockfalls were also recorded. No ash was visible on satellite imagery. Merapi remained at Alert Level 3 on a scale of , as it has since 12 April. On the 28th, seismicity was dominated by multiphase earthquakes. Signals from landslides, rockfalls, and low-frequency events were also recorded.
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