Representation of the gender and age dimensions of death on the Middle Passage could also involve a single point symbol for each death, with four distinct colors or shapes for each gender and age group.
Or, alternatively, four separate maps similar to Map A could each display the deaths of just women, girls, boys, and men.
Again, as in Map A, the black land masses promote an Atlantic perspective, but this time complemented by a cerulean blue ocean and a yellow-brown color ramp for the sectors of the pie charts. More clearly than the previous two maps, this conversion of the point data to contours emphasizes the two areas of greatest mortality: early in the Middle Passage, while following the Guinea Current south in search of the Southeast Trades; and during the final approach to Suriname.
The satellite mosaic base map, a stark change from Maps A and B, emphasizes that relationship of the transformative experiences of the Middle Passage to subsequent lives inland from the port of Paramaribo. The horror of the Middle Passage could break the will of the enslaved and accustom them to the brutality of labor on plantations along the coast and riverbanks, but it could also instill the will to resist and escape to freedom in the interior. As in Map C, the areas of dense mortality stand out in the Gulf of Guinea and approaches to Suriname.
But Map D provides a more stylized, less clinically precise visualization than Map C. Together with the stark base map, black except for the thin white lines of the littorals and pair of principal toponyms, the heatmap sprays an aura of death across the Middle Passage.
It evokes a poisonous cloud of horror that envelops the equatorial Atlantic with the odor of inhumanity. The elevations of the terrain model derive from interpolation among the values for total deaths at each location in the database, converting the point layer into a raster layer. The use of hill shading to create sunlit and shadowed slopes visually adds a third, elevational dimension to the density of death on the Middle Passage.
Draping the heatmap from Map D over the terrain model enhances the visual recognition that the Middle Passage comprised a funnel of death. The month of the funnel aligns with the African coast, its axis with the equator, and its stem disgorges in Suriname. It hurt me deeply to create them, perhaps not least because my ancestors captained and crewed Dutch vessels.
The maps should evoke the horror of the Middle Passage in a new way, a critical cartographic contribution to Middle Passage Studies. As such they should be more than analytical; they should visualize the suffering of millions of enslaved Africans in order to encourage society to take responsibility for addressing the legacies of the Middle Passage that persist into the present.
To begin, readers can view an online, dynamic map that has the same underlying database. Readers who have even a modest facility with GIS can download the spatial database and use QGIS or any other GIS such as Google Maps, to transform the raw data into their own cartographic representations in any number of conceivable ways, including time-animated maps.
This contribution therefore introduces not only a critical cartographic approach to scholarship on the Middle Passage, but it also reflects best practices in the black digital humanities. Most immediately, similar maps could include many more than twenty-five voyages. Most captains did not record deaths directly in their logbooks and thereby did not directly associate particular deaths with a specific day, latitude, and longitude.
Doing so would involve an immense effort, to be sure, but a critical cartographic approach of this kind could complement the many existing narrative accounts of the horrors of the Middle Passage with strikingly evocative visualizations. Bailyn , Bernard, Brown , Vincent, Christopher , Emma, Cohn , Raymond L. Curtin , Philip D. Eltis , David, Johnson , Jessica Marie, Kom , Anton de, Wij slaven van Suriname , Amsterdam, Uitgeverij Contact. Koek , Lovejoy , Henry B.
Lurvink , Karin, Marimba , Ani, Miller , Joseph C. Newman , Simon, Postma , Johannes M. Rediker , Marcus, Sluyter , Andrew, Smallwood , Stephanie E.
Stipriaan , Alex van, Taylor , Eric R. Walvin , James, That project, led by Charlotte S. A frigate fregat in Dutch is a true ship because it has three square rigged masts, while a snow snauw is not a ship at all because it has only two masts, with a sail plan similar to a brig. Voir la notice dans le catalogue OpenEdition. Navigation — Plan du site. La mort dans le Middle Passage : une approche cartographique de la traite des esclaves atlantique.
Andrew Sluyter. Many Africans resisted enslavement. On shipboard, many slaves mutinied, attempted suicide, jumped overboard, or refused to eat. The most recent estimate suggests that there was a revolt on one in every ten voyages across the Atlantic. To prevent their captives from starving themselves, slavers sometimes smashed out their teeth and fed them by force.
Some captains actually cut off the arms and legs of a few kidnapped Africans. Upon arrival in the New World, enslaved Africans underwent the final stage in the process of enslavement, a rigorous process known as "seasoning. Digital History. Please contact us to get started with full access to dossiers, forecasts, studies and international data. Skip to main content Try our corporate solution for free! Single Accounts Corporate Solutions Universities.
From until , it is estimated that the transatlantic slave trade saw more than Of these Throughout most of the the sixteenth century, the mortality rate was around thirty percent, it then fell below twenty percent in the late seventeenth century, and below fifteen percent in the late eighteenth century. There was a slight increase in the mids, before the transatlantic slave trade effectively ended in the s.
The overall average mortality rate is lower than the rate in most decades, due to the larger numbers of captives transported in the late s; a significant number of these voyages were between Africa and Brazil, which was generally the shortest of the major routes. Loading statistic Show source. Download for free You need to log in to download this statistic Register for free Already a member?
Log in. Show detailed source information? Register for free Already a member? More information. Supplementary notes. Other statistics on the topic. State of Health Total number of U. Aaron O'Neill.
0コメント