How does development occur

What aspects of ourselves change and develop as we journey through life? We move through significant physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes throughout our lives—do these changes happen in a systematic way, and to everyone?

How much is due to genetics and how much is due to environmental influences and experiences both within our personal control and beyond?

Is there just one course of development or are there many different courses of development? Figure 1. Human development encompasses the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur throughout a lifetime.

Human development refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan. What types of development are involved in each of these three domains, or areas, of life? Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. Many of us are familiar with the height and weight charts that pediatricians consult to estimate if babies, children, and teens are growing within normative ranges of physical development.

But we may not realize that physical development also involves brain development, which not only enables childhood motor coordination but also greater coordination between emotions and planning in adulthood, as our brains are not done developing in infancy or childhood. Physical development also includes puberty, sexual health, fertility, menopause, changes in our senses, and primary versus secondary aging. Healthy habits with nutrition and exercise are also important at every age and stage across the lifespan.

Then as we compare young children to those in middle childhood, there appear to be huge differences in their ability to think logically about the concrete world around them. Adolescents develop the ability to think logically about the abstract world and may like to debate matters with adults as they exercise their new cognitive skills!

Moral reasoning develops further, as does practical intelligence—wisdom may develop with experience over time. Memory abilities and different forms of intelligence tend to change with age. Early on, the focus is on infants and caregivers, as temperament and attachment are significant. As the social world expands and the child grows psychologically, different types of play and interactions with other children and teachers become important.

Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, self-esteem, and relationships. Peers become more important for adolescents, who are exploring new roles and forming their own identities. Dating, romance, cohabitation, marriage, having children, and finding work or a career are all parts of the transition into adulthood. Psychosocial development continues across adulthood with similar and some different developmental issues of family, friends, parenting, romance, divorce, remarriage, blended families, caregiving for elders, becoming grandparents and great grandparents, retirement, new careers, coping with losses, and death and dying.

As you may have already noticed, physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development are often interrelated, as with the example of brain development. Many academic disciplines contribute to the study of development and this type of course is offered in some schools as psychology particularly as developmental psychology ; in other schools, it is taught under sociology, human development, or family studies. This multidisciplinary course is made up of contributions from researchers in the areas of health care, anthropology, nutrition, child development, biology, gerontology, psychology, and sociology, among others.

Consequently, the stories provided are rich and well-rounded and the theories and findings can be part of a collaborative effort to understand human lives. The main goals of those involved in studying human development are to describe and explain changes.

Throughout this course, we will describe observations during development, then examine how theories provide explanations for why these changes occur. For example, you may observe two-year-old children to be particularly temperamental, and researchers offer theories to explain why that is. Continuous development views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills Figure 2. With this type of development, there is a gradual change.

In contrast, theorists who view development as discontinuous believe that development takes place in unique stages and that it occurs at specific times or ages.

Figure 2. The concept of continuous development can be visualized as a smooth slope of progression, whereas discontinuous development sees growth in more discrete stages. Is development essentially the same, or universal, for all children i. Do people across the world share more similarities or more differences in their development?

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is universal. Infants in all cultures coo before they babble. They begin babbling at about the same age and utter their first word around 12 months old. Yet we live in diverse contexts that have a unique effect on each of us. For example, researchers once believed that motor development followed one course for all children regardless of culture.

They spend a significant amount of time foraging in forests. Consequently, their children walk much later: They walk around 23—25 months old, in comparison to infants in Western cultures who begin to walk around 12 months old. As you can see, our development is influenced by multiple contexts, so the timing of basic motor functions may vary across cultures. However, the functions are present in all societies. Figure 3. All children across the world love to play.

Whether in a Florida or b South Africa, children enjoy exploring sand, sunshine, and the sea. Are we who we are because of nature biology and genetics , or are we who we are because of nurture our environment and culture?

Social science is an interesting and easy to score subjects that can help you gain good marks…. For subjects like history, civics and geography, a lot can be achieved by getting the details right. When preparing for the exam, make a separate note of all dates, phrases, topic specific terms and definitions.

Go over these whenever you are done preparing a chapter, or wish to take a break from memorizing things. Practice map work by tracing the important locations you want to remember, then try locating on a blank map.

Understand economics and political science, its better than to try to memorize. Keep at least one month for revision. Try to attempt long answer type questions in points with writing details against each point. Try not to exceed word limits in your answers. Keep your answers concise and precise, with a good introduction and conclusion.

Include diagrams and flow charts to make your answers look expressive and informative. Similarly, allocate 1. These include: physical, cognitive, communicative, socioemotional, and adaptive. Developing and delivering lessons by teachers are integral in the teaching process.

It is hence important for teachers to ensure that the three 3 domains of learning which include cognitive thinking , affective emotions or feeling and Psychomotor Physical or kinesthetic to be achieved. The approximate ages of which steps in development occur are charted in developmental scales. Generally, development is measured in the following areas: fine motor, gross motor, cognitive, self-help, social emotional, and expressive and receptive language.

Growth is universally used by health care professionals and caregivers to judge the physical condition of babies and children: poor growth in early life has a negative impact on cognitive development and morbidity, whereas rapid and excessive growth is associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular …. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search.

Press ESC to cancel. Skip to content Home Sociology How does development occur explain? Ben Davis April 13, How does development occur explain? How does development occur in a country?

What are the stages of development of human being Brainly? What are the stages of development of human being? Inevitably, because conversion processes are never totally efficient, some waste is produced which is usually discarded into the environment as various forms of pollution.

Therefore, the environment is both a source and a sink in relation to economic processes: it is a source of raw materials and energy and a sink for pollution. An example of this type of conversion would be the extraction of crude oil from the North Sea, its fractionation and distillation in oil refineries, and its conversion to petroleum or diesel.

In turn, those products petrol and diesel are converted - through combustion processes - into useful work such as transportation whilst the waste products are released into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. If we add together all of the conversion processes that occur, for instance, in a given country, we would have a sense of the total input and output of that national economy. This could be expressed in terms of the total natural resources and energy consumed, the total products and services created and the total pollution generated.

In fact, the total value of the finished products and services created in a given country is expressed using a widely-used measure, the Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. If we wanted to increase the creation of products and services, in a given economy, we would require more natural resources and energy, and we would also generate more pollution as a by-product. From this point of view, development means an increase in the size or pace of the economy such that more products and services are produced.

Conventionally, a common assumption has been that, if an economy generates more products and services, then humans will enjoy a higher standard of living.